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A biomolecule is any organic molecule that is produced by a living organism, including large polymeric molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids as well as small molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products. As organic molecules, biomolecules consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, and, to a smaller extent, phosphorus and sulfur. Other elements sometimes are incorporated but are much less common.

Types of Biomolecule: Small molecules:

• Lipids, phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids
• Carbohydrates, sugars
• Vitamins oHormones, neurotransmitters
• Metabolites •Monomers:
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides
• Monosaccharides •Polymers:
• Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins
• Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA
• Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including cellulose) oCellulose, lignin oHemoglobin

Evolution takes far longer than a lifetime, and it is not something that we give thought to for our own benefit. The evolution of the human, over millions of years can be seen in the development of the human embryo. We have genetically determined functions, but all life functions require present-time appropriate fuel to properly function.

All species on earth share the same basic cellular components that supports all life processes. These are polynucleotides, known as DNA and RNA; polypeptides, or proteins; and polysaccharides, starches and glucose. All life uses the same 20 amino acids as well, even though there are nearly 400 that could be used.

Thanks to the creators of this video for this educational look at the common composition of life.

Learn more about the often controversial subject of Evolution.

The DNA structure consists of two chainlike molecules (polynucleotides) that twist around each other to form the classic double-helix. The cell’s machinery forms polynucleotide chains by linking together four nucleotides. The nucleotides which are used to build DNA chains are adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine (C), and thymidine (T). The DNA structure houses the information required to make all the polypeptides used by the cell. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA strands (called a ‘gene’) specifies the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. Clearly a one-to-one relationship cannot exist between the four nucleotides of DNA and the twenty amino acids used to assemble polypeptides. The cell therefore uses groupings of three nucleotides (called ‘codons’) to specify twenty different amino acids. Each codon specifies an amino acid. Because some codons are redundant, the amino acid sequence for a given polypeptide chain can be specified by several different nucleotide sequences. In fact, research has confirmed that the cell does not randomly make use of redundant codons to specify a particular amino acid in a polypeptide chain. Rather, there appears to be a delicate rationale behind codon usage in genes. DNA structure — Information and Design The molecular constituents of the DNA structure appear to have optimized chemical properties to produce a stable helical structure capable of storing the information required for the cell’s operation.

When we’re experiencing physical issues it’s serious business, and we completely respect the simple fact that all we want is to get better. One of the tools we have available to us is our ability to shift our focus and energies through humor and lightheartedness. This video by Ellen Wardzala turns the book-level knowledge about our digestion and energy into a fun rap-style experience. ChilloutRelax.info is happy to share with you this video:

My Anatomy & Physiology prof performs this to help her classes remember how food digests. If you wanna know the process to digest your food, you gotta mix it with saliva, and chew it good. Salivary amylase begins the starch digestion; peristalsis sends the bolus in the right direction. Gastroesophageal sphincter will let it through to the stomach where the mixing waves will churn the goo. Chyme is gastric juice mixed with the food you ate; it doesnt look like anything thats on your plate. HCl and pepsin denature and then cleave proteins to polypeptides, before the chyme can leave – into the duodenum which starts the small intestine, where the steps will be completed of the chemical digestion. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver are added to the chyme like sewage to a river. Fat is broken up by the salts in bile, and digested by the pancreatic lipase for awhile. Trypsin is a pancreatic protease, along with chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. These will cleave the larger peptides to smaller in the goo, so the small intestine enzymes can hydrolyze them, too. Carbs are further hydrolyzed by pancreatic amylase; DNA into nucleotides by pancreatic nuclease. So whats left for duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum to do before the chyme becomes the feces in the cecum? Are you kidding? Microvilli house the BBEs Which will finish the hydrolysis of all of these. Lactase, maltase, sucrase, dextrinase and glucoamylase; aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase; nucleotides …

Lyrics: Wake up in the mornin, transcript my DNA I’ve got my RNA polymerase, it’s gonna split these strands When it unzips, it’s gonna bind to new RNA And when it’s done, it’s gonna reform the DNA I’m talkin messenger RNA strands, strands Formin on my hands, hands Startin on promoters, moters A codon is three nitro-bases, which makes an amino acid Which forms polypeptides… Don’t stop, synthesize, transfer RNA Just base pair, with anticodons All up on those ribosomes Tik tok, translate, through the nucleus with uracil Oh, oh, oh, oh NO, NO THYMINE Don’t stop, synthesize, transfer RNA Just base pair, with anticodons All up on those ribosomes Tik tok, translate, through the nucleus with uracil Oh, oh, oh, oh NO, NO THYMINE

We have seen how proteins are broken down in order to sequence them. How do we proceed in the reverse direction, from amino acid monomers to polypeptides?

How important is water to our overall health? The Human body is comprised of more water than any other substance.

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Learning about peptides doesn’t have to be boring or complicated. This video is a fun way to learn more about this topic.

Polypeptide Synthesis Song – Fergilicious This is our practical group assignment for Biology ! Excuse our voices, singing is none of our fortes. Also, sorry about the ending, something seems to have gone wrong with the syncing ! OH WELL. Heres hoping we get full marks. LYRICS BY: Lyna, Anna & Julie Listen up y’all Cause this is it The process of protein synthesis! Coding and translations how we form the polypeptides The DNA unwinds just like the zippers of our school bags Polymerase (is the enzyme) Splits the helix (for transcription) Cytosine (with Guanine) Thymine’s out of the equation Adenine – with Uracil Cause, they make the complement And now that they a shown, They will carry on the message mRNA (yeahh) Now it’s time for translation (we accidently sang “transcription”..) And it’ll leave the nucleus On a trip to cytoplasm (four, tres, two, uno!) Chorus: We’re in business ! With polypeptide synthesis It’s scientific ! Mix in some phosphate and sugar We’re in business ! With polypeptide synthesis It’s scientific ! (Ppppp-polypeptides) Amino acids yeah Amino acids yeah Amindo acids yeah They chain, chain, chain, chain. chain… Coding and translation how we form the polypeptides The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm from the N to the U to the CLEUS Through the nuclear pores Into the cyto-destination Amino acids (form a chain) The ribosomes translates, So the tRNA, brings the right amino acids All the codons (ooh yeah !) Are matched with anti-codons Found on the tRNA And …